Compared to Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Sandy?s impact on oil and gas markets will be much more localized and temporary, Rapier writes.
By Robert Rapier,?Guest blogger / October 30, 2012
Storm surge hits a small tree as winds from Hurricane Sandy reach Seaside Park in Bridgeport, Conn., Monday, Oct. 29, 2012. Hurricane Sandy has already reduced refining capacity in the Northeast, and the possibility exists of extended outages if any of these refineries take significant damage from the hurricane, Rapier writes.
Jessica Hill/AP
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As Hurricane Sandy bears down on the East Coast, a lot of prognosticators are offering up predictions for what it means for gasoline prices in that market. I thought it might be of interest to note the differences in Hurricane Sandy and Hurricane Katrina concerning the oil and gas markets.
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Hurricane Sandy has already reduced refining capacity in the Northeast, and the possibility exists of extended outages if any of these refineries take significant damage from the hurricane. Gasoline and heating oil inventories in the area were already very low, and this increases the chances of sharp gasoline spikes across the area. However, these spikes are expected to be short-lived and localized, as the area also receives gasoline from Europe and from the?Colonial Pipeline, which brings supplies to the East Coast from the Gulf Coast. As long as refinery outages are not prolonged, the gasoline markets should return to normally fairly quickly. However, people would be wise to make sure their cars are topped off with gasoline and that their heating oil supplies are adequate.?
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Thanksgiving is just around the corner! If you?re like me, your family probably has many different traditions that help bring you closer together and, at the same time, help pass along your faith. There is one special tradition of my family?s that I?d love to share with you. This is an easy craft, one that grandkids of any age can participate in, and one you can do whether your grandkids live near or far.
Our family calls this the Thanksgiving Blessing Tree, although some refer to it as the Thankful Tree. There are many variations of how to create the tree, and there is no right or wrong way. You can be as simple, fancy, or as creative as you and your grandkids want to be!
You can form your tree out of construction paper or cardboard by cutting a trunk and branches out of either material. I used cardboard so it would last longer. Either way, if you want a large tree that you can put on your refrigerator or against a wall, you?ll need to piece together several sections of branches and a trunk. Once that is formed, make leaves from various fall colors of construction paper. (See image below from www.ecenglish.com.)
Another idea for making your tree?and one that will surely endure the ages?is to use an actual tree branches, turning one branch sideways to create the trunk. Or, form a trunk and branches out of wire simply by twisting wire pieces of branches together to wrap and bend around the trunk. With either method, insert the trunk into a sand or gravel-filled pot, and use construction paper or craft foam for the leaves. To hang the leaves, punch a hole in the ?stem? then create a loop with yarn or thread to go through the hole and around the branches. (See image below from www.spoonful.com.)
Now, your part is done! Your grandkids? job is to either create their own leaves or use ones that you provide and write on them the various ways that God has blessed them during the past year. You can do this on Thanksgiving Day when your grandkids are with you, or have them mail you their finished leaves if they live far away. Be sure they put their name on the leaves if you have more than one grandchild, perhaps a picture of themselves, and date each leaf with the year.
If you have several grandkids, you?ll have a very full tree after only a few years. But what a great way to count God?s blessings throughout your family and to see a touching reminder every year of how God is moving in your family?s life!
If you have special traditions or similar crafts you?d like to share with our readers, please let us know about them.
BEIRUT - Airstrikes by Syrian jets and shells from tanks levelled a neighbourhood in a restive city near the capital of Damascus on Tuesday, killing 18 people, and at least five rebel fighters died nearby in clashes with regime troops, activists said.
The airstrikes on the city of Douma, northeast of the capital, left residents scampering over a huge expanse of rubble and using their hands to dig up mangled bodies, according to activist videos posted online.
Scenes of vast destruction like those from Douma on Tuesday have grown more common as rebels seeking to topple President Bashar Assad have made gains on the ground, and Assad's forces have responded with overwhelming air power.
In the past weeks, anti-regime activists say about 150 people have been killed a day in fighting. Since the uprising against Assad began in March 2011, they say 35,000 have died.
Tuesday's airstrikes came a day after what activists called the heaviest and most widespread bombing campaign nationwide on what was to be the final day of an internationally sanctioned truce that never took hold.
The death toll for what was supposed to be a four-day cease-fire ending Monday exceeded 500.
Activists speculated that the government's heavy reliance on air power reflected its inability to roll back rebel gains, especially in the north of the country near the border with Turkey, where rebels have control of swathes of territory.
The international community remains at a loss about how to stop the Syria violence. The U.S. and other Western and Arab nations have called on Assad to step down, while Russia, China and Iran continue to back him.
In the latest fighting after nightfall Tuesday, the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said 18 civilians were killed in an airstrike and tank fire Tuesday in the Hajariyeh neighbourhood in the suburb of Douma, northeast of Damascus.
The dead included four women and five children, the group said, adding that the toll could rise as residents were still searching through the rubble.
Five rebel fighters were also killed in clashes with regime forces elsewhere in Douma, the group said.
Amateur videos posted online showed a deep, rubble-filled crater in the middle of what appeared to be a poor neighbourhood, with many walls collapsed in the blast.
Men were seen chanting "God is great!" while pulling a mangled body from the rubble in one video. They used their hands to dig through cinder blocks and cement dust in another to uncover another dead body.
In yet another video, a man standing in the destruction yells at the camera, "These are the accomplishments of Lakhdar Brahimi," referring to the international envoy who proposed the recent, failed cease-fire.
Regime airstrikes also collapsed buildings in the rebel-held northern city of Maaret al-Numan, which straddles a key supply route from the capital to Aleppo, Syria's largest city and a main front in the civil war.
Assad's regime has been hammering away at Maaret al-Numan, 80 kilometres (50 miles) southwest of Aleppo, with heavy airstrikes since it fell to rebels on Oct. 10.
One amateur video purporting to show the aftermath of an airstrike on Tuesday showed a man holding up the dead body of a small girl in a red and white shirt and baby blue pants. Other videos showed men carrying bloodied women and children from destroyed buildings.
The Observatory said the day's airstrikes on the city killed at least seven people, four of them children.
One video showed the bodies of three girls wrapped in white shrouds. Nearby, a man dripped water on the face of a dead older man with a white beard, saying: "Go to heaven, dad. May God take revenge."
The Observatory said at least one rebel fighter was also killed in clashes south of the city, and regime forces were trying to bring in reinforcements from further south.
Activist claims and videos could not be independently verified because of restrictions on reporting in Syria, but the videos appeared genuine and corresponded with other Associated Press reporting on the events depicted.
Violence also flared elsewhere in and around Damascus. The Observatory said missiles fired from a fighter jet struck the capital's Jobar neighbourhood ? a rare hit in the capital's municipal area. Most of the fighting around Damascus for the past few months has been in suburbs and outskirts, where rebels have managed to challenge the regime.
Syria's state news agency said an "armed terrorist group" assassinated a high-ranking air force general. Maj. Gen. Abdullah Mahmoud al-Khalidi was gunned down while getting out of his car in the mostly Kurdish neighbourhood of Rukn Eddine in Damascus.
The government views the rebels as terrorists and accuses them of being foot soldiers in a foreign plot to destroy Syria.
In Turkey, Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu expressed "great sadness" that the cease-fire had failed and said government was done talking to Assad's regime.
"Unfortunately the attacks continued, and the Syrian people spent the holidays suffering great pain," Davutoglu told reporters in Ankara. "There would be no meaning to forging a dialogue with a regime that pressed ahead with such a massacre even during the holidays."
___
Associated Press writer Suzan Fraser in Ankara, Turkey, and Bassem Mroue in Beirut contributed reporting.
Search Engine Marketing is one of the most popular forms of online marketing. As the name implies, it makes use of search engines to market products and services. Search engine marketing refers to gaining traffic from search engines by increasing web visibility. It is a simple, yet complicated method of taking your site higher in search engine rankings. Search Engine Marketing can be referred to as technique which can be used to increase search engines? visibility.
Simply speaking, search engine marketing refers to two points
1. Organic SEO:
This is the process of gaining traffic by ranking high in search engine results, naturally. Either the product offering company can search engine optimize the website through its own efforts or it can hire an SEO expert to do the same. The technical term for ranking high in search engines is called as Search Engine Optimization. With proper and effective SEO, a website is modified and altered so that search engines place them high in their rankings for certain keywords. These keywords are the words for which website owner wants to get displayed. Organic SEO is extremely popular as the top ranked sites in search engines get the maximum traffic. When you are using SEO, you are not paying search engines anything to get ranked higher. Instead, you are modifying and optimizing your content so that search engines itself places you higher. Different techniques and methods are involved in the process of SEO techniques.
2. Paid Advertising:
This is the process where website owners pay search engines to rank his/her site higher in search engine rankings. With paid advertising, the ads may either be displayed on the top of search engine rankings or it can be advertised on other useful sites which are involved within the search engine network. But with paid advertising SEM, ads are displayed only on search engine results. the ?With high rankings, traffic gets diverted to their site. Quick results are obtained with paid advertisings which is not possible in case of SEO. But the positive effects of paid advertising continue as long as web owners keep paying the search engines. Every time a visitor clicks on your ad, you will have to pay search engines a certain amount.
So, search engine marketing can be summed up as organic SEO + paid advertising SEM. Search engine marketing is an umbrella term for means of marketing a website which includes Search Engine Optimization and payment to search engines to get placed at higher ranks. This increases your exposure to web world. Researches and steps are required for both SEO and SEM. SEM also includes a portion of Social Media Marketing which is a type of marketing where social networking sites comes into play. Consumers are attracted with the help of advertisements and offering of services of products.
Therefore it can be summed up as:
PPC = Ads on Search Engine Results + Ads on Content Network Sites.
PPC SEM = Ads on Search Engine Results.
?SEM = Organic SEO + PPC SEM
Below you can see different parts of search engine result page which displays paid rankings as well as organic rankings.
Why Search Engine Marketing?
With over 40 million websites over internet, being noticeable and recognizable is a very difficult task. Almost all business is online now a days and getting a higher rank in search engines will definitely boost up your sales. Getting a high rank in Google can increase your website traffic to a great extent. With the increase in traffic your sales also rockets up to great heights. So it?s very important to get noticed by search engine spiders and to get a place in search engine rankings. Traffic that you get from these search engines are of a high quality than from other sources of online advertising. The key is to pick and choose your keyword wisely (words that you want your customer to type in for search query to find you) and getting placed in the top 10 rankings of search engine results. Search Engine Marketing can be very effective for small business owners as they can easily divert customers to their site. Search engine marketing is the most cost effective form of online advertising. Good placement of keywords with better density will surely bubble up your page on top of the rankings.
PPC advertisings can quickly ramp up traffic to your site while SEO will do the same but in a particular time interval. Most of the companies incorporate SEO and PPC for better growth. With PPC, you can test your appropriate keywords for which you want to get ranked. Once this task is completed, you can search engine optimize your site for the same keyword.
Make search engines your market place with the ultimate guide to Search Engine Marketing. A detailed analytic approach along with a bunch of sureshot tips and tricks is provided in this guide.
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Elderly people often need help with everyday tasks, but wish to remain as independent as possible. Professional caregivers offer support to enable senior citizens to live in the comfort of their own homes and continue their familiar routines. An Alpharetta GA home care service provider can supply a range of flexible options to allow clients to maintain their quality of life.
Personal services help clients to stay healthy, clean and well groomed. Caregivers assist with oral hygiene, hair-dressing and bathing. They aid clients with toileting problems or incontinence issues while striving to maintain their dignity. Eating assistance is provided as necessary with attention to the rules of medically prescribed diets.
Companion services provide regular social interaction while helping clients with chores and errands. Caregivers carry out household jobs such as cleaning, laundry, dusting, and vacuuming. They do the grocery shopping or take packages to the post office. The even prepare hot, nutritious meals and join the client for a lunchtime chat.
Specialized services offer assistance to people who are terminally ill, functionally impaired, disabled or at risk when unattended. The specific duties of the caregiver will vary according to the requirements of the client and their family members. People caring for elderly relatives can arrange for a few hours of respite every week. Live-in caregivers or round-the-clock shifts are also available.
A variety of other non-medical services are available on request. Caregivers can feed pets or water houseplants. They can provide transport to the doctor's office, hospital or the house of a local friend. They can engage clients in friendly conversation and help them pursue hobbies, crafts or projects.
To choose a dependable, trustworthy Alpharetta GA home care service provider, arrange for a free consultation. Make sure the company is licensed by the Georgia Department of Community Health. Confirm that their staff caregivers are certified professionals who have undergone background screening and reference checks.
About the Author:
Get a brief summary of the benefits and advantages of hiring an in-home services professional and more information about a reputable Alpharetta GA home care company at http://www.hisgriphomecare.com now.
Los Angeles? art and culinary worlds unite to celebrate the second anniversary of the online art magazine East of Borneo with an outdoor evening of high-quality food and fundraising. EATS of Borneo will feature Pulitzer Prize-winning food critic Jonathan Gold, Top Chef Masters judge Krista Simmons, and a special lineup of invited chefs?artists, writers, and local museum curators?presenting their best homemade dishes at Culver City art gallery Blum and Poe. The evening?s additional highlights include live music, local craft beer from Golden Road Brewing, grilled food by Seoul Sausage Company (winners of Food Network?s The Great Food Truck Race), and a food/drink-themed raffle. East of Borneo is published by California Institute of the Arts.
EATS of Borneo takes place on Saturday, Nov. 10, from 6 pm to 11 pm. Tickets are $40 door/$35 advance and include food and one drink ticket. Blum and Poe is located at 2727 La Cienega Boulevard, Los Angeles 90034. [Reserve tickets here].
The event continues a longstanding conversation between the worlds of food and art. East of Borneo?s archive offers a number of articles, video and interviews exploring some of these art/food connections from the history of art in Southern California?including an interview with artist Terry Allen that discusses Allen Ruppersberg?s seminal installation Al?s Caf? (1969); a video of composer Harry Partch making rose petal jam; and images of a handmade book by Laura Owens that uses California newspapers from the 1960s and plays on the old joke about California being ?full of Fruits and Nuts.?
Even EATS of Borneo special guest Jonathan Gold was once a performance artist and worked as a studio assistant for the acclaimed artist Chris Burden. Click here for an interview transcript from This American Life in which Gold discusses an early performance involving a blindfold, a machete, and a live chicken.
Guests at EATS of Borneo can expect culinary treats such as liquid nitrogen ice cream, pork buns, moussaka, acorn squash caponata, fruit tartlets, and more from art world chefs including local museum curators Rita Gonzalez (LACMA), Corrina Peipon (Hammer Museum), and Karin Higa; artists Harry Gamboa, Jr., Jennifer West, Alison Saar, and Joe Sola; Mark Allen (Machine Project), Leonardo Bravo (Big City Forum), Eric Kim (co-director of Chinatown performance art space Human Resources), Bret Nicely (Assoc. Director of Digital Initiatives at MOCA), and art dealer Francois Ghebaly; writers Susan Morgan and Joanna Fiduccia; and East of Borneo editors Thomas Lawson and Stacey Allan.
Raffle prizes include a Glutton?s Delight package from the Parker Palm Springs resort, martinis with legendary film director Roger Corman, a private pig butchering class from Lindy & Grundy, bowling and cocktails at The Spare Room, a coffee bean subscription and home brewing lesson from Tonx, a cedar box farm from LA Farm Hands, a ?Blood and Dumplings? tour of the San Gabriel Valley from Esotouric, books and Lucky Peach magazine subscriptions from McSweeney?s, artworks from Laura Owens and Jeffrey Vallance, and more.
Additional support for EATS of Borneo is provided by Whole Foods Market West Los Angeles and Boxed Water.
East of Borneo is an online magazine of contemporary art, and its history, as considered from Los Angeles. Since its launch in 2010, East of Borneo has been lauded in The Huffington Post as ?a new model for online magazines,? celebrated in art & design publications including Artforum.com, Art in America, Flavorpill, KCET?s Artbound, and Design Observer, and nominated ?Best Arts & Culture Site? finalist by the readers of the LA Weekly for their 2012 Web Awards.
LONDON (AP) ? Breast cancer screening for women over 50 saves lives, an independent panel in Britain has concluded, confirming findings in U.S. and other studies.
But that screening comes with a cost: The review found that for every life saved, roughly three other women were overdiagnosed, meaning they were unnecessarily treated for a cancer that would never have threatened their lives.
The expert panel was commissioned by Cancer Research U.K. and Britain's department of health and analyzed evidence from 11 trials in Canada, Sweden, the U.K. and the U.S.
In Britain, mammograms are usually offered to women aged 50 to 70 every three years as part of the state-funded breast cancer screening program.
Scientists said the British program saves about 1,300 women every year from dying of breast cancer while about 4,000 women are overdiagnosed. By that term, experts mean women treated for cancers that grow too slowly to ever put their lives at risk. This is different from another screening problem: false alarms, which occur when suspicious mammograms lead to biopsies and follow-up tests to rule out cancers that were not present. The study did not look at the false alarm rate.
"It's clear that screening saves lives," said Harpal Kumar, chief executive of Cancer Research U.K. "But some cancers will be treated that would never have caused any harm and unfortunately, we can't yet tell which cancers are harmful and which are not."
Each year, more than 300,000 women aged 50 to 52 are offered a mammogram through the British program. During the next 20 years of screening every three years, 1 percent of them will get unnecessary treatment such as chemotherapy, surgery or radiation for a breast cancer that wouldn't ever be dangerous. The review was published online Tuesday in the Lancet journal.
Some critics said the review was a step in the right direction.
"Cancer charities and public health authorities have been misleading women for the past two decades by giving too rosy a picture of the benefits," said Karsten Jorgensen, a researcher at the Nordic Cochrane Centre in Copenhagen who has previously published papers on overdiagnosis.
"It's important they have at least acknowledged screening causes substantial harms," he said, adding that countries should now re-evaluate their own breast cancer programs.
In the U.S., a government-appointed task force of experts recommends women at average risk of cancer get mammograms every two years starting at age 50. But the American Cancer Society and other groups advise women to get annual mammograms starting at age 40.
In recent years, the British breast screening program has been slammed for focusing on the benefits of mammograms and downplaying the risks.
Maggie Wilcox, a breast cancer survivor and member of the expert panel, said the current information on mammograms given to British women was inadequate.
"I went into (screening) blindly without knowing about the possibility of overdiagnosis," said Wilcox, 70, who had a mastectomy several years ago. "I just thought, 'it's good for you, so you do it.'"
Knowing what she knows now about the problem of overtreatment, Wilcox says she still would have chosen to get screened. "But I would have wanted to know enough to make an informed choice for myself."
Contact: John Toon jtoon@gatech.edu 404-894-6986 Georgia Institute of Technology Research News
Hybrid electronics
Using a new method for precisely controlling the deposition of carbon, researchers have demonstrated a technique for connecting multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the metallic pads of integrated circuits without the high interface resistance produced by traditional fabrication techniques.
Based on electron beam-induced deposition (EBID), the work is believed to be the first to connect multiple shells of a multi-walled carbon nanotube to metal terminals on a semiconducting substrate, which is relevant to integrated circuit fabrication. Using this three-dimensional fabrication technique, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology developed graphitic nanojoints on both ends of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which yielded a 10-fold decrease in resistivity in its connection to metal junctions.
The technique could facilitate the integration of carbon nanotubes as interconnects in next-generation integrated circuits that use both silicon and carbon components. The research was supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation, and in its early stages, by the National Science Foundation. The work was reported online October 4, 2012, by the journal IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.
"For the first time, we have established connections to multiple shells of carbon nanotubes with a technique that is amenable to integration with conventional integrated circuit microfabrication processes," said Andrei Fedorov, a professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech. "Connecting to multiple shells allows us to dramatically reduce the resistance and move to the next level of device performance."
In developing the new technique, the researchers relied on modeling to guide their process parameters. To make it scalable for manufacturing, they also worked toward technologies for isolating and aligning individual carbon nanotubes between the metal terminals on a silicon substrate, and for examining the properties of the resulting structures. The researchers believe the technique could also be used to connect multi-layered graphene to metal contacts, though their published research has so far focused on carbon nanotubes.
The low-temperature EBID process takes place in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) system modified for material deposition. The SEM's vacuum chamber is altered to introduce precursors of the materials that researchers would like to deposit. The electron gun normally used for imaging of nanostructures is instead used to generate low energy secondary electrons when the high energy primary electrons impinge on the substrate at carefully chosen locations. When the secondary electrons interact with hydrocarbon precursor molecules introduced into the SEM chamber, carbon is deposited in desired locations.
Unique to the EBID process, the deposited carbon makes a strong, chemically-bonded connection to the ends of the carbon nanotubes, unlike the weakly-coupled physical interface made in traditional techniques based on metal evaporation. Prior to deposition, the ends of the nanotubes are opened using an etching process, so the deposited carbon grows into the open end of the nanotube to electronically connect multiple shells. Thermal annealing of the carbon after deposition converts it to a crystalline graphitic form that significantly improves electrical conductivity.
"Atom-by-atom, we can build the connection where the electron beam strikes right near the open end of the carbon nanotubes," Fedorov explained. "The highest rate of deposition occurs where the concentration of precursor is high and there are a lot of secondary electrons. This provides a nanoscale sculpturing tool with three-dimensional control for connecting the open ends of carbon nanotubes on any desired substrate."
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes offer the promise of higher information delivery throughput for certain interconnects used in electronic devices. Researchers have envisioned a future generation of hybrid devices based on traditional integrated circuits but using interconnects based on carbon nanotubes.
Until now, however, resistance at the connections between the carbon structures and conventional silicon electronics has been too high to make the devices practical.
"The big challenge in this field is to make a connection not just to a single shell of a carbon nanotube," said Fedorov. "If only the outer wall of a carbon nanotube is connected, you really don't gain much because most of the transmission channel is under-utilized or not utilized at all."
The technique developed by Fedorov and his collaborators produces record low resistivity at the connection between the carbon nanotube and the metal pad. The researchers have measured resistance as low as approximately 100 Ohms a factor of ten lower than the best that had been measured with other connection techniques.
"This technique gives us many new opportunities to go forward with integrating these carbon nanostructures into conventional devices," he said. "Because it is carbon, this interface has an advantage because its properties are similar to those of the carbon nanotubes to which they are providing a connection."
The researchers don't know exactly how many of the carbon nanotube shells are connected, but based on resistance measurements, they believe at least 10 of the approximately 30 conducting shells are contributing to electrical conduction.
However, handling carbon nanotubes poses a significant challenge to their use as interconnects. When formed through the electric arc technique, for example, carbon nanotubes are produced as a tangle of structures with varying lengths and properties, some with mechanical defects. Techniques have been developed to separate out single nanotubes, and to open their ends.
Fedorov and his collaborators current and former graduate students Songkil Kim, Dhaval Kulkarni, Konrad Rykaczewski and Mathias Henry, along with Georgia Tech professor Vladimir Tsukruk developed a method for aligning the multi-walled nanotubes across electronic contacts using focused electrical fields in combination with a substrate template created through electron beam lithography. The process has a significantly improved yield of properly aligned carbon nanotubes, with a potential for scalability over a large chip area.
Once the nanotubes are placed into their positions, the carbon is deposited using the EBID process, followed by graphitization. The phase transformation in the carbon interface is monitored using Raman spectroscopy to ensure that the material is transformed into its optimal nanocrystalline graphite state.
"Only by making advances in each of these areas can we achieve this technological advance, which is an enabling technology for nanoelectronics based on carbon materials," he said. "This is really a critical step for making many different kinds of devices using carbon nanotubes or graphene."
Before the new technique can be used on a large scale, researchers will have to improve their technique for aligning carbon nanotubes and develop EBID systems able to deposit connectors on multiple devices simultaneously. Advances in parallel electron beam systems may provide a way to mass-produce the connections, Fedorov said.
"A major amount of work remains to be done in this area, but we believe this is possible if industry becomes interested," he noted. "There are applications where integrating carbon nanotubes into circuits could be very attractive."
CITATION: Songkil Kim, et.al, "Fabrication of an Ultra-Low-Resistance Ohmic Contact to MWCNT-Metal Interconnect Using Graphitic Carbon by Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID)", IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2012.2220377
This research has been supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) under GRC grant 2008OJ1864.1281 and in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant DMI 0403671. The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NSF or the SRC.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Contact: John Toon jtoon@gatech.edu 404-894-6986 Georgia Institute of Technology Research News
Hybrid electronics
Using a new method for precisely controlling the deposition of carbon, researchers have demonstrated a technique for connecting multi-walled carbon nanotubes to the metallic pads of integrated circuits without the high interface resistance produced by traditional fabrication techniques.
Based on electron beam-induced deposition (EBID), the work is believed to be the first to connect multiple shells of a multi-walled carbon nanotube to metal terminals on a semiconducting substrate, which is relevant to integrated circuit fabrication. Using this three-dimensional fabrication technique, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology developed graphitic nanojoints on both ends of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which yielded a 10-fold decrease in resistivity in its connection to metal junctions.
The technique could facilitate the integration of carbon nanotubes as interconnects in next-generation integrated circuits that use both silicon and carbon components. The research was supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation, and in its early stages, by the National Science Foundation. The work was reported online October 4, 2012, by the journal IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.
"For the first time, we have established connections to multiple shells of carbon nanotubes with a technique that is amenable to integration with conventional integrated circuit microfabrication processes," said Andrei Fedorov, a professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech. "Connecting to multiple shells allows us to dramatically reduce the resistance and move to the next level of device performance."
In developing the new technique, the researchers relied on modeling to guide their process parameters. To make it scalable for manufacturing, they also worked toward technologies for isolating and aligning individual carbon nanotubes between the metal terminals on a silicon substrate, and for examining the properties of the resulting structures. The researchers believe the technique could also be used to connect multi-layered graphene to metal contacts, though their published research has so far focused on carbon nanotubes.
The low-temperature EBID process takes place in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) system modified for material deposition. The SEM's vacuum chamber is altered to introduce precursors of the materials that researchers would like to deposit. The electron gun normally used for imaging of nanostructures is instead used to generate low energy secondary electrons when the high energy primary electrons impinge on the substrate at carefully chosen locations. When the secondary electrons interact with hydrocarbon precursor molecules introduced into the SEM chamber, carbon is deposited in desired locations.
Unique to the EBID process, the deposited carbon makes a strong, chemically-bonded connection to the ends of the carbon nanotubes, unlike the weakly-coupled physical interface made in traditional techniques based on metal evaporation. Prior to deposition, the ends of the nanotubes are opened using an etching process, so the deposited carbon grows into the open end of the nanotube to electronically connect multiple shells. Thermal annealing of the carbon after deposition converts it to a crystalline graphitic form that significantly improves electrical conductivity.
"Atom-by-atom, we can build the connection where the electron beam strikes right near the open end of the carbon nanotubes," Fedorov explained. "The highest rate of deposition occurs where the concentration of precursor is high and there are a lot of secondary electrons. This provides a nanoscale sculpturing tool with three-dimensional control for connecting the open ends of carbon nanotubes on any desired substrate."
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes offer the promise of higher information delivery throughput for certain interconnects used in electronic devices. Researchers have envisioned a future generation of hybrid devices based on traditional integrated circuits but using interconnects based on carbon nanotubes.
Until now, however, resistance at the connections between the carbon structures and conventional silicon electronics has been too high to make the devices practical.
"The big challenge in this field is to make a connection not just to a single shell of a carbon nanotube," said Fedorov. "If only the outer wall of a carbon nanotube is connected, you really don't gain much because most of the transmission channel is under-utilized or not utilized at all."
The technique developed by Fedorov and his collaborators produces record low resistivity at the connection between the carbon nanotube and the metal pad. The researchers have measured resistance as low as approximately 100 Ohms a factor of ten lower than the best that had been measured with other connection techniques.
"This technique gives us many new opportunities to go forward with integrating these carbon nanostructures into conventional devices," he said. "Because it is carbon, this interface has an advantage because its properties are similar to those of the carbon nanotubes to which they are providing a connection."
The researchers don't know exactly how many of the carbon nanotube shells are connected, but based on resistance measurements, they believe at least 10 of the approximately 30 conducting shells are contributing to electrical conduction.
However, handling carbon nanotubes poses a significant challenge to their use as interconnects. When formed through the electric arc technique, for example, carbon nanotubes are produced as a tangle of structures with varying lengths and properties, some with mechanical defects. Techniques have been developed to separate out single nanotubes, and to open their ends.
Fedorov and his collaborators current and former graduate students Songkil Kim, Dhaval Kulkarni, Konrad Rykaczewski and Mathias Henry, along with Georgia Tech professor Vladimir Tsukruk developed a method for aligning the multi-walled nanotubes across electronic contacts using focused electrical fields in combination with a substrate template created through electron beam lithography. The process has a significantly improved yield of properly aligned carbon nanotubes, with a potential for scalability over a large chip area.
Once the nanotubes are placed into their positions, the carbon is deposited using the EBID process, followed by graphitization. The phase transformation in the carbon interface is monitored using Raman spectroscopy to ensure that the material is transformed into its optimal nanocrystalline graphite state.
"Only by making advances in each of these areas can we achieve this technological advance, which is an enabling technology for nanoelectronics based on carbon materials," he said. "This is really a critical step for making many different kinds of devices using carbon nanotubes or graphene."
Before the new technique can be used on a large scale, researchers will have to improve their technique for aligning carbon nanotubes and develop EBID systems able to deposit connectors on multiple devices simultaneously. Advances in parallel electron beam systems may provide a way to mass-produce the connections, Fedorov said.
"A major amount of work remains to be done in this area, but we believe this is possible if industry becomes interested," he noted. "There are applications where integrating carbon nanotubes into circuits could be very attractive."
CITATION: Songkil Kim, et.al, "Fabrication of an Ultra-Low-Resistance Ohmic Contact to MWCNT-Metal Interconnect Using Graphitic Carbon by Electron Beam Induced Deposition (EBID)", IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNANO.2012.2220377
This research has been supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) under GRC grant 2008OJ1864.1281 and in part by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant DMI 0403671. The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NSF or the SRC.
###
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Shawn Johnson and pro partner Derek Hough danced a romantic rumba to the "Titanic" theme song last week.
By Michael Maloney, TODAY contributor
Each week, Olympian and season eight "Dancing With the Stars" champ Shawn Johnson will be sharing her experiences on "All-Stars" with The Clicker! Look for Q&As, exclusive photos and more from the gold medalist throughout the season as she competes to win her second mirror ball trophy, this time alongside pro Derek Hough.
You can follow us on Twitter?@TODAY_Clicker to get all the latest updates on Shawn's quest for ballroom glory. Shawn is also on Twitter @ShawnJohnson.
The Clicker: How did it feel not having anyone be eliminated last week? Shawn: I think since we weren?t there the week didn?t feel that different. We shot two shows last Monday and the second one aired on Tuesday. We rehearsed all day on Tuesday. The scores will transfer over to (this) week. The tension was still there. We were still trying to give our best performances!
The Clicker: What reaction did you get to your ?Titanic? themed rumba with Derek? Shawn: It?s been nothing but positive. I couldn?t have been prouder of the dance. And Derek couldn?t have been prouder of what we did. Even though the judges didn?t necessarily love it, we did.
The Clicker: That seems to be Derek?s philosophy ? do the best dance that will please you and the audience and then let the chips fall where they may with the judges. Shawn: Definitely; this was about showing the world a different side of me. This wasn?t what people are used to seeing. I stepped out of my comfort zone.
The Clicker: Derek looked like Jack from ?Titanic.? Shawn: It was scary how similar he looked to Leonardo DiCaprio!
The Clicker: It was great to see how everyone rallied around Melissa Rycroft after her injury last week. Shawn:?Yes. It?s not a cutthroat show. We?re not trying to backstab people or get them off the show. We genuinely get along. We?re cheering and screaming when someone else is out there dancing. We don?t wish any harm to anyone. When Melissa went down it was like a family member being injured.
The Clicker: When you and Gilles Marini chose the songs you?d do group dances to, Gilles was very excited to get ?Gangnam Style? and Derek appeared less than thrilled to get ?Call Me Maybe.? But you guys ended up doing better. Shawn: At first, yeah, we wanted "Gangnam Style" because it?s the craze right now. It?s the modern day "Macarena." Ours may not have had the same energy, but once we put it together things started to fall into place. We may not have captured the audience as much, but it was clean and the judges liked it.
The Clicker: Do you agree with Kelly Monaco?s post-dance comments recently where she said the "DWTS" is not really about dancing but about the emotional journey you go on with your partner as you step outside your comfort zone? Shawn: Yes, definitely. She summed it up the best. It?s not about dancing. It?s about everything else. We all come in here with different career paths looking to find confidence in a world that we?re not comfortable with and finding trust in your partner to take you somewhere you?ve never gone before.
The Clicker: How would you describe the journey you took the first time to the one you?ve had so far this time? Shawn: I was a lot more reserved the first time mostly because of my age. I hadn?t stepped out into the world that much beyond gymnastics. I was shy and afraid to take risks. I kept to myself more. I wasn?t able to relate to as many people, again, because of my age. This time, I?m letting myself go more. It?s been the most liberating experience I ever had. I give so much of the credit to Derek. I don?t think anyone else could have brought this out of me. Derek is phenomenal. He?s the best out there. His talent is ridiculous. He takes everything so seriously and turns it into a masterpiece.
The Clicker: What?s the theme/dance for tonight?? Shawn: Country, which I?m happy about. I love the Zac Brown Band. All I listen to is country music. We?re doing the cha cha. My last one was great. It was my best dance.
The Clicker: Does that make it easier? Shawn: Not really. It?s a completely different season. Tonight?s more of a theme. It?s not even relatable but hopefully it will go well!
Watch Shawn perform on "Dancing With the Stars" at 8 p.m. on Monday night on ABC. Plus, join our TV editor, Anna Chan, as she hosts a live chat during each performance show. Sign up for a reminder!
Along with the Nexus 4, and the Nexus 10 tablet, Google has just announced Android 4.2, a new flavor of Jellybean. While it doesn't merit a new name of its own, it does add quite a few neat new features. Here's a rundown. More »
Exposed or in clothing, women aspire to achieve the most shapely and attractive contour of thighs and legs.? Certainly, genetics plays a significant role in lower extremity shape, although there is much we can do to improve and refine the appearance.? Adherence to a fitness regimen that combines a healthy diet and both cardio and strength training is paramount to achieving great looking legs. Whether through yoga, pilates, squats and lunges, stair-climbing, running, or bike, it is vital to tone the quads, hamstrings, calves, and gluteal muscles.? Nevertheless, there are those women that despite rigorous work and dedication, less-than-ideal shape and ?trouble spots? may persist.? In such cases, liposuction may be the solution.
Is plastic surgery for thighs and legs where people should start?? Fundamentally, and most importantly, there is no substitute for balanced nutrition and exercise.? In keeping with all aesthetic plastic surgery procedures, liposuction is not for individuals who are severely overweight or obese, or for those who do not exercise at all.? Liposuction should not be viewed as a quick-fix, or a substitute for the hard work that is a necessary step in the preparation process.? Candidates for body contouring plastic surgery procedures should be at or close to their ideal body weight, and for liposuction of the legs and thighs, should be at a maximally-trained level of lower extremity tone and fitness.
When the trouble-zones persist after fitness and health have been maximized, liposuction techniques are indicated. Gluteal and lateral thighs (saddle-bags), inner thighs, suprapatellar (above the knees), medial knees, and ankles are common regions for the storage and persistence of localized fat that may not respond to diet and exercise. For the treatment of ?localized adiposity? of the thighs and legs, liposuction through tiny access sites with very thin cannulas (tubes), also known as microliposuction, is performed.? Most often, the access ?incisions? are made with a needle only (rather than a scalpel), and the excess fat cells are removed with very small caliber cannulas that range in width from 2 to 3 mm.? This microliposuction process lends to more meticulous and aesthetic contouring, with a high degree of safety and very low risk of irregularities.? Recovery time ranges from 2 to 7 days, and most return to exercise after 4 ? 5 days.
Is there a role for nonsurgical contouring of the thighs or legs? Currently, the noninvasive modalities such as Liposonix (high intensity focused ultrasound, or HIFU), and Zeltiq (CoolSculpting, cryolipolysis) are not approved by the FDA for application in the lower extremities, and more than minute effects in this or any area of the body are debatable.? When recalcitrant fat persists after diet and exercise, there is truly no substitute for liposuction.
It is also extremely important that the plastic surgeon that performs liposuction is indeed a plastic surgeon. It is unfortunate that liposuction in New York can be performed by a variety of ?specialists? that may advertise training, and even ?board certification? in ?cosmetic surgery?.? Make no mistake, your plastic surgeon should be certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery, the only Board that ?counts? with regard to assuring adherence to? the most rigorous standards of training, examination, and maintenance of certification.
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy slowed or shut a half-dozen U.S. nuclear power plants, while the nation's oldest facility declared a rare "alert" after the record storm surge pushed flood waters high enough to endanger a key cooling system.
Exelon Corp's 43-year-old Oyster Creek plant in New Jersey remains on "alert" status, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) said early Tuesday. It is only the third time this year that the second-lowest of four emergency action levels was triggered.
"Oyster Creek is still in an alert but may be getting out of it as long as water levels continue to drop," NRC spokesman Neil Sheehan told Reuters.
The alert came after water levels at the plant rose more than 6.5 feet above normal, potentially affecting the "water intake structure" that pumps cooling water through the plant.
Those pumps are not essential to keep the reactor cool since the plant has been shut for planned refueling since October 22. Exelon however was concerned that if the water rose over 7 feet it could submerge the service water pump motor that is used to cool the water in the spent fuel pool, potentially forcing it to use emergency water supplies from the in-house fire suppression system to keep the rods from overheating.
Exelon also moved a portable pump to the intake structure as a precaution in case it was needed to pump cooling water.
The water levels reached a peak of 7.4 feet -- apparently above the threshold -- but the pump motors did not flood, Sheehan said. As of 11 a.m. EDT Tuesday the water level was down to 5.8 feet, with the next high tide at 11:45 a.m.
"They need the water level to stay below 6 feet for a while to exit the alert," Sheehan said, noting when the water level falls below 4.5 feet, the plant could exit the unusual event.
An unusual event is the lowest of the NRC's emergency action levels.
Exelon said in a statement that there was no danger to equipment and no threat to public health or safety.
"Right now there's no imminent threat of releases. There's no protective actions around the plant," Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Craig Fugate said on the Today Show.
"Some of these reporting requirements are due though to the severity of the storms. That they have to make these notifications based upon conditions, that does not mean that they are in an imminent threat at the plant," Fugate said.
The incident at Oyster Creek, which is about 60 miles east of Philadelphia on the New Jersey Coast, came as Sandy made landfall as the largest Atlantic storm ever, bringing up to 90 mile per hour (mph) winds and 13-foot storm surges in the biggest test of the industry's emergency preparedness since the Fukushima disaster in Japan a year and a half ago.
Despite the alert -- which is a serious but not catastrophic event that signals a "potential substantial degradation in the level of safety" -- the U.S. nuclear industry was broadly seen having passed the test. About a dozen alerts have been issued in the past four years, according to NRC press releases.
On Tuesday morning, the NRC said that Entergy Corp's Indian Point 3 automatically tripped offline at about 10:41 p.m. last night due to fluctuations in the power grid caused by the storm, while Public Service Enterprise Group Inc shut Unit 1 at Salem in New Jersey at 1:10 a.m. due to a loss of "condenser circulators" due to the storm surge and debris.
SPENT FUEL
The relatively small 636-megawatt (MW) Oyster Creek plant earlier experienced a "power disruption" at its switch yard, causing two backup diesel generators to kick in and maintain a stable source of power, Exelon said.
The NRC spokesman said the company could use water from a fire suppression system or a portable pump to cool the pool if necessary. The used uranium rods in the pool could cause the water to boil in about 25 hours without additional coolant; in an extreme scenario the rods could overheat, risking the eventual release of radiation.
The concerns over the status of the spent fuel pool at Oyster Creek was reminiscent of the fears that followed the Fukushima disaster last year, when helicopters and fire hoses were enlisted to ensure the pools remained filled with fresh, cool water. The nuclear industry has said that the spent fuel rods at Fukushima were never exposed to the air.
Nuclear plants must store the spent uranium fuel rods for at least five years in order to cool them sufficiently before they can be moved to dry cask storage containers.
Exelon spokesman David Tillman said Monday night the plant has "multiple and redundant" sources of cooling for the spent fuel pool.
The plant uses pumps to take in external water that circulates through a heat exchanger used to cool the internal water that surrounds the rods, keeping them from overheating.
Among other units, Constellation Energy Nuclear Group's 630-MW Nine Mile Point 1 nuclear power reactor in upstate New York did shut due to a problem putting power onto the grid, although it was not clear whether the trouble was related to the storm.
In addition, Sandy caused power reductions at both units at Exelon's Limerick nuclear plant in Pennsylvania and one unit at Dominion's Millstone plant in Connecticut.
Now, your part is done! Your grandkids? job is to either create their own leaves or use ones that you provide and write on them the various ways that God has blessed them during the past year. You can do this on Thanksgiving Day when your grandkids are with you, or have them mail you their finished leaves if they live far away. Be sure they put their name on the leaves if you have more than one grandchild, perhaps a picture of themselves, and date each leaf with the year.
The event continues a longstanding conversation between the worlds of food and art. East of Borneo?s archive offers a number of articles, video and interviews exploring some of these art/food connections from the history of art in Southern California?including an interview with artist Terry Allen that discusses Allen Ruppersberg?s seminal installation Al?s Caf? (1969); a video of composer Harry Partch making rose petal jam; and images of a handmade book by Laura Owens that uses California newspapers from the 1960s and plays on the old joke about California being ?full of Fruits and Nuts.?![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_sNsXoMHqOKE2Z3K3ZiLZBHRSNSqCyEg-DmohcvQlFITxf_OmUdrpsl7qbEvkxYL_VHTgz2DSLvTVpUt847Wkmg2WvXEYmCfVMYh_WfIYk=s0-d){kind=small}
Public release date: 30-Oct-2012
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Exposed or in clothing, women aspire to achieve the most shapely and attractive contour of thighs and legs.? Certainly, genetics plays a significant role in lower extremity shape, although there is much we can do to improve and refine the appearance.? Adherence to a fitness regimen that combines a healthy diet and both cardio and strength training is paramount to achieving great looking legs. Whether through yoga, pilates, squats and lunges, stair-climbing, running, or bike, it is vital to tone the quads, hamstrings, calves, and gluteal muscles.? Nevertheless, there are those women that despite rigorous work and dedication, less-than-ideal shape and ?trouble spots? may persist.? In such cases, liposuction may be the solution.